Research Methods and Behavioral Theories

Question: Discuss about The Relationship of Body Image. Answer: Introduction The behavioral theories and psychological as well as psychosocial theories play a very important role in humans lives. Everyone needs to understand that the thoughts of people can be easily analyzed through their behavior. People tend to change their behavior when their heads are not clear. Any kind of physical activity or exercise plays a very important role in building a human mind strong. The heavy weight or bad body type should not affect people mentally because it leads to many diseases, including anxiety, depression, anger, fear etc. and recovering from such problems can be a cumbersome process. Body image and weight status have an impact on the thinking process of an individual and the way one perceives his body depends upon the type of attitude one carry in his life. So, it is important for the parents, teachers, and friends to help such people to stay positive about their bodies. Peers generally start to bully children which dont bring out good results. So, this literature r eview will focus on a few behavioral aspects. Literature Review Weight status and body image perceptions in adolescents: current perspectives: 005146C7 This literature review talks about the body image which is considered to be a multidimensional figure and which creates an impact on the psychology of human beings through their whole life. Many individuals, including men and women are dissatisfied from their bodies and are not very happy in their skin and it makes them less confident. The aim of this literature review is to analyze the perceptions of adolescents about their weights and body image and how does it impact them. This has become a major concern among adolescents and it has been affecting them quite deeply and they are facing emotional and mental stability due to changes in their physical appearance (Yin Seng, 2010). The authors say that individuals at their adolescent age have to face many physical changes and the height and weight develop. This is the age when the puberty starts and other characteristics, including change in voice, growth of hair starts to develop. At this age, individuals being to develop rational thinking and are able to think about broader possibilities. They initiate the abstract thinking process. The understanding of body image and weight status of people if developed by experiences and such experiences are with friends, parents, teachers etc. The body has a specific physical appearance, different shape and size. Such an image is affected by the kind of responses one gets from the people who matter to such person (Sanchez-Villegas Martinez, 2001). Body image and weight status can influence the thinking of an individual and the way one perceives his body depends upon the attitude one carry in his life. The authors say that the behavior of such individuals depends upon how their body is or how much weight do they carry. Generally, body image is ones perception towards ones own body and it is developed during a particular age during which many people have influenced the individuals mentally by commenting on their body size and shape. The physical attributes of people matter to them mostly during teenage and later they tend to focus more on developing their morals and focus on c areer rather than impressing people. So, authors in this article study the importance of physical appearance during adolescence. People have become internet savvy and post pictures on social networking sites every now and then to get them accepted by the general public (AL-Otaibi, et al., 2013). The authors of this article explain that body image is the main source which has a key role in making the individuals possesses eating problems. We all develop a mental image of our body and such image is being affected by the opinion of others. It depends upon the people how they perceive such opinions. However, talking about collective opinion, it affects more deeply than individual opinion. Not having a perfect body can manifest different changes in varied aspects, for example, we get to see behavioral changes. The bad body image may lead a person to many problems and he may start to feel depressed and isolated. So, at the age of adolescent, it is very important for parents to help the children gain self confidence and be happy in their own skin (Wilson, et al., 2013). In a National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey data, it was reported that people who have good body shape tend to indulge in more physical activities to keep their body in shape and minimum 15 minutes every day, however, heavy weight people do not indulge in more physical activities. Women concerned about their body image and weight status more than men. The college going women tends to participate in maintaining their body shapes and in a survey, 61% of women who are studying in college are more participative in the gym to maintain their body shapes. This report provides that a woman can develop serious mental problems when they are opinionated about their weights and body shapes. The frequency of developing serious health problems is high among women than men (Viswanathan Viswanathan, 2011). Body consciousness makes the individuals think more about their physical appearance rather than their internal features. Such focus on physical appearance and consciousness opens into 3 aspects: Body scrutiny Collective opinion of others Behavioral aspects Women tend to analyze their bodies more than men, especially during their teenage. Internalized Societal Attitudes Moderate the Impact of Weight Stigma on Avoidance of Exercise: CE5C5D11 This literature review talks about the psychological effects of heavy weight on people and how it can affect behavioral and psychological outcomes. Every individual has different aims in life. Weight stigma is attached to many people who affect their daily life behavior. This takes into consideration the verbal and non-verbal behavior. He believed that non-verbal behavior of a human being depicts numerous things about him. The human beings work in harmony and as a whole. People stop being creatively active and maintain a blockage in their heads and that gets attached to them through their whole life. There are only a few people who get their self-confidence back. So, they need to adopt various strategies to bring the confidence out of them and make them creatively alive and more enthusiastic (Tomiyama, 2014). The authors say that people are the best judge of themselves. There are many stages in one's life. It starts from avoiding the physical activities to enjoy food. A person always tries to follow his own instincts which in return give him better results. However, there comes a stage when people are not able to see what others cans see. The stage of believing own intuition and instincts is somewhat a stage closer to self actualization which doesnt really come during teenage or even early years if adulthood (Thorsteinsson Breadsell, 2016). It is important to analyze the needs of the people and what will help them grow. The close scrutiny of external and internal variables brings out the problems which can become helpful while counseling a person in choosing a way of life. The author provides that physical exercise sometimes helps people to cure the problems with which humans are dealing and which are basically related to their minds. Performance of physical activity helps to enter the mind of beings so that with what they are facing can be brought out and the person then can be easily brought out of the dilemma. The problems such as anxiety, depression are treated by using this approach because it helps to know various experiences faced by human brains and what are the negative and positive effects of such experiences (Hunger, et al., 2015). It is believed that psyche consists of a number of distinct but connecting systems. The three important systems were ego, the personal unconscious and the collective one. The aspect of ego is an active aspect and it represents the memories, thoughts and the emotions. The personal unconscious, basically stores the forgotten memory which is temporary in nature. This includes a complex collection of thoughts and emot ions. Coming to collective conscious, this is basically shared with the people surrounding the environment. This includes the old memories, including past and ancestors. These three components are important to understand the human psyche. All the above aspects can be improved by meditation and physical exercise and many health problems and problems related to mind can be cured. This therapy is used to deal with mental health issues which are being faced by people around the whole globe (Thaxton, 2016). The author says that there are many theories related to human mind and one of it is a cognitive theory and which has been used to deal with the major problem of depression and this has become a very common problem in this era. During this therapy the mentor asks the clients to question the thoughts which are not aligned with their functional thoughts and interpret the thoughts which are coming to their heads and how such thoughts can be replaced by bringing more productive thoughts in place of them. He believed that sometimes a person fails to respond properly to the thoughts which upset him and how the reaction is controlled is done by this therapy. He said that when the person's mind is shadowed only by negative thoughts, he tends to get inclined towards depression (Vartanian, 2008). Anti-Fat Attitudes and Weight Bias Internalization: An Investigation of How BMI Impacts Perceptions, Opinions and Attitudes: 389F This literature review provides for how BMI impacts thinking of individuals. It says that negatively taking your body type can bring a continuous trail of negative thoughts, negative self-schemes and problems in logical thinking (Hudson, 2008). The main focus of this literature review is about the replacement of irrational thoughts with the rational ones. The irrational thoughts only increase the load on the brain, which tends to decrease its productivity. The person needs to eradicate the irrational beliefs because if he keeps following such beliefs he can go beyond the limits to make such beliefs come to reality which practically cannot pass through reality test. Hence, it can be said that the irrational beliefs only promote false actions (Kelly, 2013). It is said by the author that we tend to hold certain assumptions about ourselves and some of them are very irrational due to which sometimes we react in a very inappropriate manner and do things which are unethical as well as morally and legally wrong. He said that one can throw light on his dysfunctional thoughts by talking to himself. The unwanted thoughts and behaviors can be done away with if the person himself tries to acknowledge such behaviors. The self-talk is very important if one wants to meet his inner self. By doing this, the inner battles can be resolved and modified to a better one (Team, 2012). The physical exercise can be very helpful if a person doesnt know how to get rid of negative thoughts and how positive thoughts can be brought it. The theorists are of the view that sometimes a person cannot see himself what the other person can see. One of the psychosocial theories includes eight stages of human development. These are: - Infancy- trust v mistrust: in this stage, the person is unsure about the world where he lives. He tries to give the charge of handling his problems and taking care of himself in the hands of others. Early childhood- autonomy v shame: during this stage, the person tries to learn as to what the abilities he has and how they can be used. Here, parents allow the children to explore such skills and put them to work (Vivyan, 2009). Play age- initiative v guilt: at this stage the child is developing fast and he starts to interact with other children of his age during play time. Children start developing an aspect of initiation and how they can involve others while doing this. School age- industry v inferiority: here at this stage he starts to learn and write. The teachers and the peer group play a very significant role in his development and this is why it is very important to see who is becoming the guide of a child and who he is going to follow. Adolescence-Identity v role confusion: during this period the person tries to find his identity and what are his beliefs and goals and what will he tend to work for his whole life. They start focusing on their career, relationships and families. Adulthood- intimacy v isolation: at this stage the person starts sharing a sense of intimacy with the other person who is basically not a member of the family. If he tends to make commitments, then a sense of security is instilled in him, but if he is afraid of commitments, then he falls in the area of isolation. Middle adulthood- generativist v stagnation: Here at this stage the person establishes his career, start a family and becomes a part of a whole dignified picture and start following the social norms. Old age- ego integrity v despair: after becoming senior citizens, the life comes to a slow pace and the person gets retired and remains on his own. The children generally follow the path of their father. They put more emphasis on the dynamics of the human psyche rather than the structure of the psyche. They need to focus on the substance and not on the form. The importance of physical activity given above has been proved to be beneficial for many people worldwide. The various models have helped people in knowing how and what pattern of reaction they give during certain ages and what are the aspects of mind which cannot be observed by a layman and there are many latent layers behind it. This article explains the importance of physical activities among lives of young women. The young women concentrate more on exercise to improve their looks. During young times, people stay keener about their looks so to improve it they work hard to look better. The authors provide that adolescence is the age where looks matter more than the internal beauty. The external looks of women are developed during a particular age during which many people have influenced the individuals mentally by commenting on their body size and shape. Women stay conscious more about their looks than the career at this age (ODougherty, et al., 2009). According to a survey, the people who register at gym more are mostly youngsters. The college students are more likely to indulge in physical exercise at gym than the old people who engage themselves in other physical activities like walking, jogging etc. Conclusion It is important to keep stay fit and healthy. However, it is not right to give opinion to others about their size and weight because we dont know what other people might think or how they will perceive such opinions. It has been said that the collective opinion plays a very important role in peoples lives because many people are of the view that collective opinion is relevant. So, to help people, especially children from carrying trauma every day about their body image, it is important to help them by suggesting them about the benefits of physical activities and meditation. The impact of BMI has been explained above by explaining the various stages in human life. The psychological theories impact the development of human mind along with growth of human body. Young age is the age where it is very easy to change human mind and it is important to give them motivation to bring the best out of them. References AL-Otaibi, H., Nassef, S. Raouf, T., 2013. Body Shape Dissatisfaction, Weight Status and Physical Activity among a Sample University Students in Saudi Arabia, Available at: https://file.scirp.org/pdf/FNS_2013060514562373.pdf Hudson, C., 2008. The relationship of body image, body mass index and self-esteem to eating attitudes in a normal sample, Available at: https://ir.canterbury.ac.nz/bitstream/handle/10092/1534/thesis_fulltext.pdf;jsessionid=4D5BF3B81501106245361776117DABDC?sequence=1 Hunger, J., Major, B., Blodorn, A. Miller, C., 2015. Weighed Down by Stigma: How Weight-Based Social Identity Threat Contributes to Weight Gain and Poor Health, Available at: https://labs.psych.ucsb.edu/major/brenda/docs/Hunger%20et%20al.%20(2015).pdf Kelly, L., 2013. The relationship between emotional eating, depression and body mass, Available at: https://etd.library.vanderbilt.edu/available/etd-12022013-121153/unrestricted/LoranKellyMastersThesis120213.pdf ODougherty, M. et al., 2009. Purposeful exercise and lifestyle physical activity in the lives of young adult women: Findings from a diary study. PMC Journal, December, 49(8), p. 642661. Sanchez-Villegas, A. Martinez, A., 2001. Perception of body image as indicator of weight status in the European Union, Available at: https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.654.604rep=rep1type=pdf Team, N., 2012. Cognitive Behavioural Therapy Skills Training Workbook, Available at: https://www.hpft.nhs.uk/_uploads/documents/help-for-adults/cbt-workshop-booklet_web.pdf Thaxton, T., 2016. The influence of anticipated weight stigma and weight bias internalization on eating, exercise, and quality of life among obese women, Available at: https://kb.osu.edu/dspace/bitstream/handle/1811/76702/Influence_of_Stigma_on_Obese_TylerThaxton.pdf?sequence=1 Thorsteinsson, E. Breadsell, D., 2016. The effect of weight controllability beliefs on prejudice and self-efficacy, Available at: https://peerj.com/articles/1764.pdf Tomiyama, A., 2014. Weight stigma is stressful. A review of evidence for the Cyclic Obesity/Weight-Based Stigma model: University of California, Available at: https://www.dishlab.org/pubs/Tomiyama%20COBWEBS.pdf Vartanian, L., 2008. Effects of Weight Stigma on Exercise Motivation and Behavior. Journal of Health Psychology, pp. 1-8. Viswanathan, H. Viswanathan, B., 2011. Is Accurate Perception of Body Image Associated with Appropriate Weight-Control Behavior among Adolescents of the Seychelles. Journal of Obesity, pp. 1-8. Vivyan, C., 2009. An Introductory Self-Help Course in Cognitive Behaviour Therapy, Available at: https://www.dbtselfhelp.com/selfhelpcourse.pdf Wilson, M., Viswanathan, B., Rousson, V. Bovet, P., 2013. Weight Status, Body Image and Bullying among Adolescents in the Seychelles. International Journal of Environ. Res. Public Health, Volume 10, pp. 1763-1774. Yin, T. Seng, Y., 2010. Weight Status, Body Image Perception and Physical Activity of Malay Housewives, Available at: https://www.ucsiuniversity.edu.my/cervie/pdf/ijasa/paperBio.pdf Research Methods and Behavioral Theories Question Research Methods and Behavioral TheoriesAnswer Introduction The behavioral theories and psychological as well as psychosocial theories play a very important role in humans lives. Everyone needs to understand that the thoughts of people can be easily analyzed through their behavior. People tend to change their behavior when their heads are not clear. Any kind of physical activity or exercise plays a very important role in building a human mind strong. The heavy weight or bad body type should not affect people mentally because it leads to many diseases, including anxiety, depression, anger, fear etc. and recovering from such problems can be a cumbersome process. Body image and weight status have an impact on the thinking process of an individual and the way one perceives his body depends upon the type of attitude one carry in his life. So, it is important for the parents, teachers, and friends to help such people to stay positive about their bodies. Peers generally start to bully children which dont bring out good results. So, this literature r eview will focus on a few behavioral aspects. Literature Review Topic 1 Weight status and body image perceptions in adolescents: current perspectives: 005146C7 This literature review talks about the body image which is considered to be a multidimensional figure and which creates an impact on the psychology of human beings through their whole life. Many individuals, including men and women are dissatisfied from their bodies and are not very happy in their skin and it makes them less confident. The aim of this literature review is to analyze the perceptions of adolescents about their weights and body image and how does it impact them. This has become a major concern among adolescents and it has been affecting them quite deeply and they are facing emotional and mental stability due to changes in their physical appearance (Yin Seng, 2010). The authors say that individuals at their adolescent age have to face many physical changes and the height and weight develop. This is the age when the puberty starts and other characteristics, including change in voice, growth of hair starts to develop. At this age, individuals being to develop rational thinking and are able to think about broader possibilities. They initiate the abstract thinking process. The understanding of body image and weight status of people if developed by experiences and such experiences are with friends, parents, teachers etc. The body has a specific physical appearance, different shape and size. Such an image is affected by the kind of responses one gets from the people who matter to such person (Sanchez-Villegas Martinez, 2001). Body image and weight status can influence the thinking of an individual and the way one perceives his body depends upon the attitude one carry in his life. The authors say that the behavior of such individuals depends upon how their body is or how much weight do they carry. Generally, body image is ones perception towards ones own body and it is developed during a particular age during which many people have influenced the individuals mentally by commenting on their body size and shape. The physical attributes of people matter to them mostly during teenage and later they tend to focus more on developing their morals and focus on c areer rather than impressing people. So, authors in this article study the importance of physical appearance during adolescence. People have become internet savvy and post pictures on social networking sites every now and then to get them accepted by the general public (AL-Otaibi, et al., 2013). The authors of this article explain that body image is the main source which has a key role in making the individuals possesses eating problems. We all develop a mental image of our body and such image is being affected by the opinion of others. It depends upon the people how they perceive such opinions. However, talking about collective opinion, it affects more deeply than individual opinion. Not having a perfect body can manifest different changes in varied aspects, for example, we get to see behavioral changes. The bad body image may lead a person to many problems and he may start to feel depressed and isolated. So, at the age of adolescent, it is very important for parents to help the children gain self confidence and be happy in their own skin (Wilson, et al., 2013). In a National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey data, it was reported that people who have good body shape tend to indulge in more physical activities to keep their body in shape and minimum 15 minutes every day, however, heavy weight people do not indulge in more physical activities. Women concerned about their body image and weight status more than men. The college going women tends to participate in maintaining their body shapes and in a survey, 61% of women who are studying in college are more participative in the gym to maintain their body shapes. This report provides that a woman can develop serious mental problems when they are opinionated about their weights and body shapes. The frequency of developing serious health problems is high among women than men (Viswanathan Viswanathan, 2011). Body consciousness makes the individuals think more about their physical appearance rather than their internal features. Such focus on physical appearance and consciousness opens into 3 aspects: Body scrutiny Collective opinion of others Behavioral aspects Women tend to analyze their bodies more than men, especially during their teenage. Topic 2 Internalized Societal Attitudes Moderate the Impact of Weight Stigma on Avoidance of Exercise: CE5C5D11 This literature review talks about the psychological effects of heavy weight on people and how it can affect behavioral and psychological outcomes. Every individual has different aims in life. Weight stigma is attached to many people who affect their daily life behavior. This takes into consideration the verbal and non-verbal behavior. He believed that non-verbal behavior of a human being depicts numerous things about him. The human beings work in harmony and as a whole. People stop being creatively active and maintain a blockage in their heads and that gets attached to them through their whole life. There are only a few people who get their self-confidence back. So, they need to adopt various strategies to bring the confidence out of them and make them creatively alive and more enthusiastic (Tomiyama, 2014). The authors say that people are the best judge of themselves. There are many stages in one's life. It starts from avoiding the physical activities to enjoy food. A person always tries to follow his own instincts which in return give him better results. However, there comes a stage when people are not able to see what others cans see. The stage of believing own intuition and instincts is somewhat a stage closer to self actualization which doesnt really come during teenage or even early years if adulthood (Thorsteinsson Breadsell, 2016). It is important to analyze the needs of the people and what will help them grow. The close scrutiny of external and internal variables brings out the problems which can become helpful while counseling a person in choosing a way of life. The author provides that physical exercise sometimes helps people to cure the problems with which humans are dealing and which are basically related to their minds. Performance of physical activity helps to enter the mind of beings so that with what they are facing can be brought out and the person then can be easily brought out of the dilemma. The problems such as anxiety, depression are treated by using this approach because it helps to know various experiences faced by human brains and what are the negative and positive effects of such experiences (Hunger, et al., 2015). It is believed that psyche consists of a number of distinct but connecting systems. The three important systems were ego, the personal unconscious and the collective one. The aspect of ego is an active aspect and it represents the memories, thoughts and the emotions. The personal unconscious, basically stores the forgotten memory which is temporary in nature. This includes a complex collection of thoughts and emot ions. Coming to collective conscious, this is basically shared with the people surrounding the environment. This includes the old memories, including past and ancestors. These three components are important to understand the human psyche. All the above aspects can be improved by meditation and physical exercise and many health problems and problems related to mind can be cured. This therapy is used to deal with mental health issues which are being faced by people around the whole globe (Thaxton, 2016). The author says that there are many theories related to human mind and one of it is a cognitive theory and which has been used to deal with the major problem of depression and this has become a very common problem in this era. During this therapy the mentor asks the clients to question the thoughts which are not aligned with their functional thoughts and interpret the thoughts which are coming to their heads and how such thoughts can be replaced by bringing more productive thoughts in place of them. He believed that sometimes a person fails to respond properly to the thoughts which upset him and how the reaction is controlled is done by this therapy. He said that when the person's mind is shadowed only by negative thoughts, he tends to get inclined towards depression (Vartanian, 2008). Topic 3 Anti-Fat Attitudes and Weight Bias Internalization: An Investigation of How BMI Impacts Perceptions, Opinions and Attitudes: 389F This literature review provides for how BMI impacts thinking of individuals. It says that negatively taking your body type can bring a continuous trail of negative thoughts, negative self-schemes and problems in logical thinking (Hudson, 2008). The main focus of this literature review is about the replacement of irrational thoughts with the rational ones. The irrational thoughts only increase the load on the brain, which tends to decrease its productivity. The person needs to eradicate the irrational beliefs because if he keeps following such beliefs he can go beyond the limits to make such beliefs come to reality which practically cannot pass through reality test. Hence, it can be said that the irrational beliefs only promote false actions (Kelly, 2013). It is said by the author that we tend to hold certain assumptions about ourselves and some of them are very irrational due to which sometimes we react in a very inappropriate manner and do things which are unethical as well as morally and legally wrong. He said that one can throw light on his dysfunctional thoughts by talking to himself. The unwanted thoughts and behaviors can be done away with if the person himself tries to acknowledge such behaviors. The self-talk is very important if one wants to meet his inner self. By doing this, the inner battles can be resolved and modified to a better one (Team, 2012). The physical exercise can be very helpful if a person doesnt know how to get rid of negative thoughts and how positive thoughts can be brought it. The theorists are of the view that sometimes a person cannot see himself what the other person can see. One of the psychosocial theories includes eight stages of human development. These are: - Infancy- trust v mistrust: in this stage, the person is unsure about the world where he lives. He tries to give the charge of handling his problems and taking care of himself in the hands of others. Early childhood- autonomy v shame: during this stage, the person tries to learn as to what the abilities he has and how they can be used. Here, parents allow the children to explore such skills and put them to work (Vivyan, 2009). Play age- initiative v guilt: at this stage the child is developing fast and he starts to interact with other children of his age during play time. Children start developing an aspect of initiation and how they can involve others while doing this. School age- industry v inferiority: here at this stage he starts to learn and write. The teachers and the peer group play a very significant role in his development and this is why it is very important to see who is becoming the guide of a child and who he is going to follow. Adolescence-Identity v role confusion: during this period the person tries to find his identity and what are his beliefs and goals and what will he tend to work for his whole life. They start focusing on their career, relationships and families. Adulthood- intimacy v isolation: at this stage the person starts sharing a sense of intimacy with the other person who is basically not a member of the family. If he tends to make commitments, then a sense of security is instilled in him, but if he is afraid of commitments, then he falls in the area of isolation. Middle adulthood- generativist v stagnation: Here at this stage the person establishes his career, start a family and becomes a part of a whole dignified picture and start following the social norms. Old age- ego integrity v despair: after becoming senior citizens, the life comes to a slow pace and the person gets retired and remains on his own. The children generally follow the path of their father. They put more emphasis on the dynamics of the human psyche rather than the structure of the psyche. They need to focus on the substance and not on the form. The importance of physical activity given above has been proved to be beneficial for many people worldwide. The various models have helped people in knowing how and what pattern of reaction they give during certain ages and what are the aspects of mind which cannot be observed by a layman and there are many latent layers behind it. Topic 4 This article explains the importance of physical activities among lives of young women. The young women concentrate more on exercise to improve their looks. During young times, people stay keener about their looks so to improve it they work hard to look better. The authors provide that adolescence is the age where looks matter more than the internal beauty. The external looks of women are developed during a particular age during which many people have influenced the individuals mentally by commenting on their body size and shape. Women stay conscious more about their looks than the career at this age (ODougherty, et al., 2009). According to a survey, the people who register at gym more are mostly youngsters. The college students are more likely to indulge in physical exercise at gym than the old people who engage themselves in other physical activities like walking, jogging etc. Conclusion It is important to keep stay fit and healthy. However, it is not right to give opinion to others about their size and weight because we dont know what other people might think or how they will perceive such opinions. It has been said that the collective opinion plays a very important role in peoples lives because many people are of the view that collective opinion is relevant. So, to help people, especially children from carrying trauma every day about their body image, it is important to help them by suggesting them about the benefits of physical activities and meditation. The impact of BMI has been explained above by explaining the various stages in human life. The psychological theories impact the development of human mind along with growth of human body. Young age is the age where it is very easy to change human mind and it is important to give them motivation to bring the best out of them. Questions: What is the importance of parents in addressing problems of children related to body weight and shape? Do general public attain knowledge regarding psychological and psychosocial theories? What is the importance of different stages in life on growth of children? References AL-Otaibi, H., Nassef, S. Raouf, T., 2013. Body Shape Dissatisfaction, Weight Status and Physical Activity among a Sample University Students in Saudi Arabia, Available at: https://file.scirp.org/pdf/FNS_2013060514562373.pdf Hudson, C., 2008. The relationship of body image, body mass index and self-esteem to eating attitudes in a normal sample, Available at: https://ir.canterbury.ac.nz/bitstream/handle/10092/1534/thesis_fulltext.pdf;jsessionid=4D5BF3B81501106245361776117DABDC?sequence=1 Hunger, J., Major, B., Blodorn, A. Miller, C., 2015. Weighed Down by Stigma: How Weight-Based Social Identity Threat Contributes to Weight Gain and Poor Health, Available at: https://labs.psych.ucsb.edu/major/brenda/docs/Hunger%20et%20al.%20(2015).pdf Kelly, L., 2013. The relationship between emotional eating, depression and body mass, Available at: https://etd.library.vanderbilt.edu/available/etd-12022013-121153/unrestricted/LoranKellyMastersThesis120213.pdf ODougherty, M. et al., 2009. Purposeful exercise and lifestyle physical activity in the lives of young adult women: Findings from a diary study. PMC Journal, December, 49(8), p. 642661. Sanchez-Villegas, A. Martinez, A., 2001. Perception of body image as indicator of weight status in the European Union, Available at: https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.654.604rep=rep1type=pdf Team, N., 2012. Cognitive Behavioural Therapy Skills Training Workbook, Available at: https://www.hpft.nhs.uk/_uploads/documents/help-for-adults/cbt-workshop-booklet_web.pdf Thaxton, T., 2016. The influence of anticipated weight stigma and weight bias internalization on eating, exercise, and quality of life among obese women, Available at: https://kb.osu.edu/dspace/bitstream/handle/1811/76702/Influence_of_Stigma_on_Obese_TylerThaxton.pdf?sequence=1 Thorsteinsson, E. Breadsell, D., 2016. The effect of weight controllability beliefs on prejudice and self-efficacy, Available at: https://peerj.com/articles/1764.pdf Tomiyama, A., 2014. Weight stigma is stressful. A review of evidence for the Cyclic Obesity/Weight-Based Stigma model: University of California, Available at: https://www.dishlab.org/pubs/Tomiyama%20COBWEBS.pdf Vartanian, L., 2008. Effects of Weight Stigma on Exercise Motivation and Behavior. Journal of Health Psychology, pp. 1-8. Viswanathan, H. Viswanathan, B., 2011. Is Accurate Perception of Body Image Associated with Appropriate Weight-Control Behavior among Adolescents of the Seychelles. Journal of Obesity, pp. 1-8. Vivyan, C., 2009. An Introductory Self-Help Course in Cognitive Behaviour Therapy, Available at: https://www.dbtselfhelp.com/selfhelpcourse.pdf Wilson, M., Viswanathan, B., Rousson, V. Bovet, P., 2013. Weight Status, Body Image and Bullying among Adolescents in the Seychelles. International Journal of Environ. Res. Public Health, Volume 10, pp. 1763-1774. Yin, T. Seng, Y., 2010. Weight Status, Body Image Perception and Physical Activity of Malay Housewives, Available at: https://www.ucsiuniversity.edu.my/cervie/pdf/ijasa/paperBio.pdf

Best Case Questions free essay sample

It can point out significant matters of the financial statements but does not provide assurance of their accuracy. Because reviews are generally not as rigorous as audits, considerably less evidence is typically collected in a review than in a comparable audit engagement. The issue with ZZZZ Best case is that the auditors review was not sufficient enough to review any material misstatements on the financial statements. 3. SAS 106 (AU 326), Audit Evidence, specifically identifies the principal management assertions that underlie financial statements.The existence/occurrence assertion was particularly critical for ZZZZ Best’s insurance restoration contracts. ZZZZ Best’s auditors obtained third-party confirmations to support the contracts, reviewed available documentation, performed analytical procedures to evaluate the reasonableness of the revenues recorded on the contracts, and visited selected restoration sites. * What were the limitations of the evidence that these procedures provided with regard to the management assertion of existence/occurrence? 8 points) The limitations of the evidence that these procedures provided with regard to the management assertion of existence/occurrence was that Minkow insisted on Ernst Whinney to sign a standard confidentiality agreement where it stated that Ernst Whinney will not be able to make any follow-up telephone calls to any contractors, insurance companies, the building owner, or other individuals involved in the restoration contract. We will write a custom essay sample on Best Case Questions or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This restriction effectively prohibited the auditors from corroborating the insurance restoration contracts with independent third parties. 4. George Greenspan testified before Congress that one method he used to audit the insurance restoration contracts was to verify that his client actually received payment on those jobs. * How can such apparently reliable evidence lead an auditor to an improper conclusion? (6 points) In Greenspan’s situation, his apparently reliable evidence was not from independent third party.When Greenspan confirmed the existence of ZZZZ’s insurance restoration contracts, he contacted Tom Padgett who at the time was an active and willing participant in Minkow’s fraudulent schemes. 5. Re: Predecessor-successor auditors: * What is the purpose of predecessor-successor auditor communications? * Which party, the predecessor or successor auditor, has the responsibility for initiating these communications?The successor auditor should obtain information from the predecessor auditor that will assist the successor auditor in determining whether to accept the engagement. Matters subject to the inquiry should include information that might bear on the integrity of management, disagreements with management as to accounting principles, auditing procedures, or similarly significant manners, communications to those charged with governance regarding fraud and illegal acts by clients, communications to management and those charged with governance regarding signi?

Precision World Wide Case Study Essay Example

Precision World Wide Case Study Essay Precision World Wide Inc. wants to determine whether they should introduce a new Japanese prototype to their steel ring. This new ring which is made out of plastic is tougher and less costly to produce. By producing these plastic rings, Precision worldwide would go out of business if some form of action is not taken. One big issue is the level of steel rings that they currently have in their inventory. These rings cannot be sold for any value including scrap. The reason for having so much inventory is the result of having to order the highly specialized steel in large amounts so that a mill would be willing to handle the order. As far as this issue, Thorborg needs to realize that the cost of the steel rings in inventory is a sunk cost. With sunk costs, the cost becomes irrelevant because it cannot vary with the decision to produce plastic rings. A lot of times, managers are too scared or not willing to give up on a decision because they have invested so much into it. They need evaluate the decision based on what is a better more profitable product to produce regardless of what was already a sunk cost. Thorborg, also needs to properly handle the inventory and be very strategic in the way he sells the steel rings considering that he will have 15,100 finished rings would be left on hand by mid-September when the plastic rings roll out. Thorborg would be better off if he sold as many steel rings as possible prior to the production of the plastic rings. One strategy he can implement would be to price discriminate and sell to low value consumers at a discounted rate which will increase sales of the steel rings. He can talk to Henk which is the sales manager to come up with drastic price reductions and reduce steel ring inventory. Once all inventory is exhausted, produce all plastic rings. Another strategy would be to sell steel rings until the plastic rings are ready for the market, then sell the steel rings at a discount and sell plastic rings at the same time. We will write a custom essay sample on Precision World Wide Case Study specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Precision World Wide Case Study specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Precision World Wide Case Study specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer With this option, you must emphasize to the market that plastic rings are tougher which reflects on the price. You can also just sell steel rings and do not consider selling plastic rings at all. This option does not prepare the company for long term financial success because the profit margins are a lot higher for plastic rings. Also, you can just produce plastic rings and scrap all of you inventory. This option would not consider the opportunity cost of the excess steel rings inventory.

The Beginning of the Ionian Revolt

The Beginning of the Ionian Revolt The Ionian revolt (c. 499-c.493) led to the Persian Wars, which includes the famous battle depicted in the movie 300, the Battle of Thermopylae, and the battle that lent its name to a long race, the Battle of Marathon. The Ionian Revolt itself did not occur in a vacuum but was preceded by other tensions, notably trouble in Naxos. Possible reasons for the revolt of the Ionian Greeks [based on Manville: Anti-tyrant feeling.Having to pay tribute to the Persian king.The kings failure to understand the Greeks need for freedom.As response to an economic crisis in Asia Minor.Aristagoras hope to get out of his difficulties with Artaphrenes that were caused by the ill-fated Naxos Expedition.Histiaios hope to get out of his benign captivity at Susa. Characters in the Naxos Expedition The principal names to know in connection with this Herodotus-based introduction to the Ionian Revolt are those involved in the Naxos Expedition: Histiaios (Histiaeus), son of Lysagoras and the tyrant of Miletus (c.515–493 B.C.).Aristagoras (c.505–496 B.C.), son of Molpagoras, ambitious son-in-law, and deputy of Histaios.Artaphernes, satrap of Lydia, in western Asia Minor.Darius (r. c.521-486 B.C.), the Great King of Persia and half-brother of Artaphernes.Megabates, a cousin of Darius and Persian naval commander. Aristagoras of Miletus and the Naxos Expedition Naxos- the prosperous Cyclades island where the legendary Theseus abandoned Ariadne- was not yet under Persian control. The Naxians had driven out certain rich men, who had fled to Miletus but wished to go home. They asked Aristagoras for help. Aristagoras was the deputy tyrant of Miletus, the son-in-law of the proper tyrant, Histiaios, who had been rewarded Myrkinos for loyalty at the Danube Bridge in the Persian Great King Darius fight against the Scythians. He was  then asked by the king to come to Sardis, where he was brought to Susa by Darius. Megabates betrays Artaphernes Aristagoras agreed to aid the exiles, and asked the satrap of western Asia, Artaphernes, for help. Artaphernes- with permission from Darius- gave Aristagoras a fleet of 200 ships under the command of a Persian named Megabates. Aristagoras and the Naxian exiles set sail with Megabates et al. They pretended to head to the Hellespont. At Chios, they stopped and waited for a favorable wind. Meanwhile, Megabates toured his ships. Finding one neglected, he ordered the commander punished. Aristagoras not only released the commander but reminded Megabates that Megabates was only second-in-command. As a result of this insult, Megabates betrayed the operation by informing the Naxians in advance of their arrival. This gave them time to prepare, so they were able to survive the Milesian-Persian fleet arrival and four-month siege. In the end, the defeated Persian-Milesians left, with the exiled Naxians installed in forts built around Naxos. Herodotus says Aristagoras feared Persian reprisal as a consequence of the defeat. Histiaios sent a slave- Aristagoras- with a secret message about the revolt hidden as a brand on his scalp. The revolt was Aristagoras next step. Aristagoras persuaded those he joined in a council that they should revolt. One hold-out was the logographer Hecataeus who thought the Persians too powerful. When Hecataeus couldnt persuade the council, he objected to the army-based plan, urging, instead, a naval approach. The Ionian Revolt With Aristagoras as leader of their revolutionary movement after his failed expedition against Naxos, Ionian cities deposed their pro-Persian Greek puppet tyrants, replacing them with a democratic government, and prepared for further revolt against the Persians. Since they required military help Aristagoras went across the Aegean to mainland Greece to ask for help. Aristagoras unsuccessfully petitioned Sparta for its army, but Athens and Eretria provided more appropriate naval support for the Ionian islands- as the logographer/historian Hecataeus had urged. Together the Greeks from Ionia and the mainland pillaged and burned most of Sardis, the capital of Lydia, but Artaphrenes successfully defended the citys citadel. Retreating to Ephesus, the Greek forces were beaten by the Persians. Byzantium, Caria, Caunus, and most of Cyprus joined in the Ionian revolt. Although the Greek forces were occasionally successful, as at Caria, the Persians were winning. Aristagoras left Miletus in the hands of Pythagoras and went to Myrkinos where he was killed by Thracians. Persuading Darius to let him leave by telling the Persian king that he would pacify Ionia, Histiaios left Susa, went to Sardis, and tried unsuccessfully to re-enter Miletus. A major sea battle at Lade resulted in the victory of the Persians and defeat of the Ionians. Miletus fell. Histiaios was captured and executed by Artaphrenes who may have been jealous of Histiaios close relationship with Darius. Sources Herodotus Book VHerodotus Book VIAristagoras and Histiaios: The Leadership Struggle in the Ionian Revolt, by P. B. Manville; The Classical Quarterly, (1977), pp. 80-91.The Attack on Naxos: A Forgotten Cause of the Ionian Revolt, by Arthur Keaveney; The Classical Quarterly, (1988), pp. 76-81.Jona Lendering: Beginning of the Ionian Revolt; affairs in Greece (5.28-55)

Hello Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Hello - Essay Example This necessitated that I study the management information systems (MIS). I realized this early enough and had the opportunity to change over from finance. MIS is concerned with processing data into information. I have seen how MIS enables quick and reliable referencing apart from efficient and effective coordination. I have been witnessing this while at the college administration and the library services. As far as our family business of real estate is concerned, technology such as customer relationship management (CRM) can help to enhance relations with customers and increase customer value over time. Customer Relationship Management (CRM) is one used by many service organizations as it helps to develop and maintain relations with the customers. Browsing through the dailies I also understand that economic downturn and market globalization have posed a challenge to the real estate market. These challenges range from revenue-generation to cost-cutting measures. I know SAP (Systems, Applications and Products) is one such technology which integrates application for managing all types of real estate. SAP is particularly interesting to me because in Saudi Arabia real estate market and constructional development is undergoing phenomenal growth. Incorporating modern technology in the family business would add value as communication and modern technology have become fundamental for any business. I would like to employ technology to integrate green solutions in real estate projects. Green buildings have profound impact on productivity. The consequences of such projects can bring about reduction in costs while enhancing employee efficiency. It keeps the employees motivated which in turn positively impacts productivity. I am aware of the challenges that lie ahead of me in accomplishing my task. The use of technology such as SAP and CRM are fairly new to my home country. I would first need to educate the people in my

NonVerbal MisCOmmunication Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

NonVerbal MisCOmmunication - Essay Example In my locality, this sign would generally be taken to mean peace, love or victory. The foreigner, an Italian, reacted not as I expected. He murmured some harsh words and threw a stream of insults at me beneath his breath. I really did not understand why the Italian responded negatively to my humble appeal for love and peace. I felt humiliated especially considering that so many people in the venue had witnessed my move and the foreigner’s reaction. Several years later, I came to realize that the V-sign is an insult in Italian culture, quite the opposite of what I meant. In order to avoid conflicts that arise from non-verbal communication, I always try to learn people’s cultures and thereby improve my intercultural communication skills as much as I can by reading books on intercultural communication, in line with Novinger’s suggestion (Novinger, 2001). I have become more careful on the gestures that I use when

Journal entry (economics topic) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Journal entry (economics topic) - Essay Example erefore, given that in times of economic crisis there is decreased tax revenue it became important to establish measures to resolve decreased revenues as a result of decline in profits, incomes, consumptions or increase in tax evasion (Ramona, Ionut, & Cristian, 2011). VAT has also increased its relevancy to bridge the gap that government have in national debt. VAT is administered effectively and has enabled some country reduce their national debt without raising the direct taxes on capital and labor (Ramona, Ionut, & Cristian, 2011). Therefore, VAT has been a powerful tool that enables economies address the macroeconomic issue such as unemployment and investment without disrupting the operation of a country. In conclusion, the government may increase or decrease the charge on VAT to address the economic crisis of the day rather than resulting to other measures to increase tax receipt. However, there are macroeconomic consequences with little severity compared to other alternative ways of raising revenue. VAT has become one the largest indirect tax and considered as a tax for the future. It is successful and does not burden one source only as it is shared among producers and users (Ramona, Ionut, & Cristian,